Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana hoʻonohonoho o nā huahana uea a me ke kaula i ʻehā mau ʻāpana hoʻonohonoho nui: nā alakaʻi, nā papa insulation, nā papa pale a me nā ʻūpā, a me nā mea hoʻopiha a me nā mea tensile, a pēlā aku. Wahi a nā koi hoʻohana a me nā hiʻohiʻona noi o nā huahana, he maʻalahi loa nā ʻano o kekahi mau huahana, me hoʻokahi wale nō ʻāpana hoʻonohonoho, ʻo ke uea, e like me nā uea ʻōlohelohe ma luna, nā uea catenary, nā busbars keleawe-alumini (busbars), a pēlā aku. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka insulation uila o waho o kēia mau huahana ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insulators a me ka mamao spatial i ka wā o ke kau ʻana a me ke kau ʻana (ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka insulation ea).
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā huahana uea a me ke kaula he ʻano ʻāpana like like (me ka nānā ʻole i nā hewa hana) a aia ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana lōʻihi. Hoʻoholo ʻia kēia e ka hiʻohiʻona e hoʻohana ʻia ai lākou e hana i nā kaapuni a i ʻole nā wili i loko o nā ʻōnaehana a i ʻole nā lako. No laila, i ke aʻo ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā huahana kaula, pono wale nō e nānā a kālailai mai kā lākou mau ʻāpana kea.
Eia ka nānā kikoʻī ʻana o ke ʻano o ke kaula a me nā mea hana kaula:
1. Ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke kaula: Alakaʻi
ʻO nā uea nā ʻāpana nui loa a pono ʻole no nā huahana e hoʻokō i ka hana o ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka ʻike o kēia manawa a i ʻole ka nalu electromagnetic. ʻO ka uea ka pōkole o ke conductive core.
He aha nā mea i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā alakaʻi uwea? Hana ʻia nā mea o nā alakaʻi i nā metala non-ferrous me ka conductivity uila maikaʻi loa e like me ke keleawe a me ka alumini. ʻO nā uwea optical i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā pūnaewele kamaʻilio optical i ulu wikiwiki i nā makahiki he kanakolu i hala iho nei a i ʻole e hoʻohana i nā fiber optical ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi.
2. Ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke kaula: Papa hoʻokaʻawale
ʻO ka papa hoʻokaʻawale kahi ʻāpana e uhi ana i ka periphery o ke kaula a lawelawe ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokaʻawale uila. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki iā ia ke hōʻoia i ka hele wale ʻana o ke au i hoʻouna ʻia a i ʻole nā nalu electromagnetic, nā nalu māmā ma ke kaula a ʻaʻole e kahe i waho. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mana ma luna o ke alakaʻi (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻokoʻa mana i hana ʻia i nā mea a puni, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka voltage). ʻO ia hoʻi, pono e hōʻoia i ka hana hoʻoili maʻamau o ke kaula a me ka palekana o nā mea o waho a me nā kānaka. ʻO nā kaula a me nā papa hoʻokaʻawale nā ʻāpana kumu ʻelua e pono ai ke loaʻa e hana i nā huahana kaula (koe wale nō nā kaula ʻōlohelohe).
He aha nā mea hoʻokaʻawale uwea: I nā uwea a me nā kaula o kēia wā, ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea hoʻokaʻawale uwea e hāʻule nui i ʻelua mau māhele: nā plastics a me ka rubber. ʻO nā mea polymer ka mea nui, e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻano huahana uwea a me nā uwea like ʻole i kūpono no nā hoʻohana like ʻole a me nā koi o ke kaiapuni. ʻO nā mea hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau no nā uwea a me nā uwea e komo pū me ka polyvinyl chloride (PVC),polyethylene i hoʻopili ʻia (XLPE), nā fluoroplastics, nā hui laholio, nā hui laholio ethylene propylene, a me nā mea hoʻokaʻawale laholio silicone.
3. ʻAno hoʻonohonoho kaula: ʻUhi
Ke hoʻokomo ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia nā huahana uea a me ke kaula ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, pono e loaʻa nā ʻāpana e pale i ka huahana holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ka papa insulation. ʻO kēia ka ʻūpā. No ka mea, pono nā mea insulating e loaʻa nā waiwai insulation uila maikaʻi loa o nā ʻano āpau, pono e koi i ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka haʻahaʻa loa o ka haumia o nā mea. I ka manawa pinepine, ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo i kona hiki ke pale aku i ka honua waho. No laila, pono nā ʻano pale like ʻole e kuleana no ke kū ʻana a i ʻole ke kūʻē ʻana i nā mana mechanical like ʻole mai waho (ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kau ʻana, kahi hoʻohana a me ka wā hoʻohana), ke kūʻē ʻana i ke kaiapuni lewa, ke kūʻē ʻana i nā kemika a i ʻole nā ʻaila, ka pale ʻana i ka pōʻino olaola, a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā pōʻino ahi. ʻO nā hana nui o nā ʻūpā kaula he pale wai, pale lapalapa, pale ahi a me ka pale ʻana i ka pala. He nui nā huahana kaula i hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia no nā kaiapuni waho maikaʻi (e like me nā kaiapuni maʻemaʻe, maloʻo, a me loko i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā mana waho mechanical), a i ʻole nā mea me nā mea insulation i loaʻa i kahi ikaika mechanical a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka wā, hiki ke hana me ka ʻole o ka ʻāpana papa pale.
He aha nā ʻano mea uhi kaula i loaʻa? ʻO nā mea nui o ka uhi kaula e komo pū me ka laholio, ka palakiko, ka uhi ʻana, ka silicone, a me nā huahana fiber like ʻole, a pēlā aku. ʻO nā ʻano o ka papa pale laholio a me ka palakiko he palupalu a me ka māmā, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā kaula kelepona. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai he ʻano wai ka permeability o nā mea laholio a me ka palakiko, hiki ke hoʻopili wale ʻia ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea polymer kiʻekiʻe me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka makū e like me ka insulation kaula. A laila nīnau paha kekahi poʻe hoʻohana no ke aha e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka palakiko ma ke ʻano he papa pale ma ka mākeke? Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano o nā uhi palakiko, ʻoi aku ka elasticity a me ka maʻalahi o nā uhi laholio, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻelemakule, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o kā lākou hana hana. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai mechanical a me ke kūpaʻa wai o nā uhi laholio palakiko, a he nui nā kumuwaiwai, haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai a maʻalahi hoʻi e hana. No laila, hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou ma ka mākeke. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia e nā hoa ʻoihana aia kekahi ʻano uhi metala. ʻAʻole wale nā hana pale mechanical o nā uhi metala akā ʻo ka hana pale i ʻōlelo ʻia ma lalo nei. Loaʻa iā lākou nā waiwai e like me ke kūpaʻa i ka pala, ka ikaika compressive a me ka tensile, a me ke kūpaʻa wai, hiki ke pale i ka makū a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe mai ke komo ʻana i loko o ka insulation uwea. No laila, hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou e like me nā ʻūpā no nā uwea mana pepa i hoʻomoʻa ʻia i ka ʻaila me ke kūpaʻa makū haʻahaʻa.
4. Ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke kaula: Papa pale
ʻO ka papa pale kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi i nā huahana uwea no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke kahua electromagnetic. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke pale wale i nā hōʻailona electromagnetic kūloko mai ka leaka ʻana i waho a me ke komo ʻana me nā mea hana waho, nā mika a i ʻole nā laina ʻē aʻe, akā ke ālai pū nei hoʻi i nā nalu electromagnetic waho mai ke komo ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana uwea ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana. Ma ke ʻano he ʻano, ʻaʻole i hoʻonohonoho wale ʻia ka papa pale ma waho o ke uwea akā aia pū kekahi ma waena o nā hui a i ʻole nā hui o nā uwea i loko o nā uwea multi-core, e hana ana i nā "pale hoʻokaʻawale electromagnetic" multi-level. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā koi no nā uwea kamaʻilio alapine kiʻekiʻe a me ka anti-interference, ua ulu nā mea pale mai nā pepa metala kuʻuna a me nā lipine pepa semiconductor i nā mea hui hou aʻe e like menā lipine mylar pepa alumini, nā lipine mylar pepa keleawe, a me nā lipine keleawe. ʻO nā ʻano pale maʻamau e komo pū me nā papa pale o loko i hana ʻia me nā polymers conductive a i ʻole nā lipine semiconductive, a me nā papa pale o waho e like me ke kāʻei lōʻihi o ke kāpili keleawe a me ka ʻupena keleawe ulana. I waena o lākou, hoʻohana ka papa ulana i ke keleawe tin-plated e hoʻoikaika i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala. No nā hiʻohiʻona noi kūikawā, e like me nā kaula alapine loli e hoʻohana ana i ka pale keleawe + pale keleawe composite, nā kaula ʻikepili e hoʻohana ana i ka alumini foil longitudinal wrapping + streamline design, a me nā kaula lapaʻau e koi ana i nā papa ulana keleawe i uhi ʻia i ke kālā kiʻekiʻe. Me ka hiki ʻana mai o ka wā 5G, ua lilo ka ʻano pale hybrid o ka lipine composite alumini-plastic a me ka ulana uea keleawe tin-plated i mea hoʻonā nui no nā kaula alapine kiʻekiʻe. Hōʻike ka hana ʻoihana ua ulu ka papa pale mai kahi ʻano mea hoʻohui i kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi kūʻokoʻa o ke kaula. Pono ke koho ʻana o nā mea no ia mea e noʻonoʻo pono i nā ʻano alapine, ka hana kūlou a me nā kumu kumukūʻai e hoʻokō i nā koi kūlike electromagnetic o nā hiʻohiʻona noi like ʻole.
5. Ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke kaula: ʻAno i hoʻopiha ʻia
He nui nā huahana uea a me nā kaula he multi-core. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kaula mana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa he mau kaula ʻehā-core a ʻelima-core paha (kūpono no nā ʻōnaehana ʻekolu-pae), a ʻo nā kaula kelepona kūlanakauhale he 800 mau pālua, 1200 mau pālua, 2400 mau pālua a i 3600 mau pālua. Ma hope o ke kaula ʻia ʻana o kēia mau ʻuea uea insulated a i ʻole nā hui i nā manawa he nui), aia ʻelua mau pilikia: ʻo kekahi, ʻaʻole poepoe ke ʻano, a ʻo kekahi, aia nā hakahaka nui ma waena o nā ʻuea insulated. No laila, pono e hoʻohui ʻia kahi ʻano hoʻopihapiha i ka wā o ke kaula. ʻO ke ʻano hoʻopihapiha e hana i ke anawaena o waho o ke kaula i poepoe, kahi e kūpono ai i ka ʻōwili a me ka extrusion o ka ʻūpā, a e hoʻopaʻa pū i ke ʻano kaula a ikaika i loko. I ka wā e hoʻohana ai (i ka wā e kīkoʻo ana, kaomi ʻana a kūlou ʻana i ka wā e hana ai a me ke kau ʻana), ua hoʻopili like ʻia ka ikaika me ka ʻole o ka hōʻino ʻana i ke ʻano o loko o ke kaula. No laila, ʻoiai he ʻano kōkua ke ʻano hoʻopihapiha, pono nō hoʻi, a aia nā lula kikoʻī e pili ana i kāna koho mea a me ka hoʻolālā ʻano.
Nā mea hoʻopihapiha uwea: Ma keʻano laulā, ʻo nā mea hoʻopihapiha no nā uwea e komo pū me ka lipine polypropylene, ke kaula PP i ulana ʻole ʻia, ke kaula hemp, a i ʻole nā mea hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hana ʻia mai ka laholio hana hou ʻia. I mea e hoʻohana ʻia ai ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopihapiha uwea, pono ia e loaʻa nā ʻano o ka ʻole e hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole i ke kumu uwea insulated, ʻaʻole hygroscopic iā ia iho, ʻaʻole hiki ke emi a ʻaʻole e pala.
6. Ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke kaula: Nā mea tensile
Hilinaʻi nā huahana uea a me nā kaula kuʻuna i ka papa pale o ka ʻūpā e kū i nā ikaika tensile o waho a i ʻole nā ikaika tensile i hoʻokumu ʻia e ko lākou kaumaha ponoʻī. ʻO nā ʻano maʻamau he pale kila lipine a me ka pale kila uea (no ka laʻana, no nā kaula submarine, hoʻohana ʻia nā uea kila mānoanoa me ke anawaena o 8mm a wili ʻia e hana i ka papa pale). Eia naʻe, i mea e pale ai i nā olonā optical mai nā ikaika tensile liʻiliʻi a pale i ka hoʻololi iki ʻana o nā olonā e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka hana hoʻoili, ua lako ka ʻano kaula fiber optical me ka uhi mua a me ka lua a me nā ʻāpana ikaika tensile i hoʻolaʻa ʻia. Eia kekahi, inā lawe ke kaula headphone o kahi kelepona paʻalima i kahi ʻano kahi i wili ʻia ai ka uea keleawe maikaʻi a i ʻole ka lipine keleawe lahilahi a puni nā filament fiber synthetic a hoʻopuka ʻia kahi papa insulating ma waho, ʻo kēia filament fiber synthetic ka mea tensile. I ka hopena, i nā huahana kūikawā, liʻiliʻi a maʻalahi i hoʻomohala ʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei e koi ana i nā hoʻohana kūlou a me ka wili ʻana, he kuleana nui nā mea tensile.
He aha nā mea i hoʻokomo ʻia no nā ʻāpana tensile kaula: nā ʻāpana kila, nā uea kila, a me nā foil kila kila
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻApelila-25-2025