Nā Kaʻina Hana Uhi Uea a me ke Kaula: He Alakaʻi Piha i nā ʻenehana a me nā ʻenehana

ʻO nā uea a me nā kaula, e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he mau mea lawe koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻoili mana a me ka kamaʻilio ʻike, loaʻa iā lākou ka hana e hilinaʻi pololei ana i nā kaʻina hana insulation a me ka uhi ʻana i ka sheathing. Me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā koi ʻoihana hou no ka hana kaula, ʻehā mau kaʻina hana nui—extrusion, longitudinal wrapping, helical wrapping, a me ka dip coating—e hōʻike ana i nā pono kūikawā i nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole. Ke ʻeli nei kēia ʻatikala i ke koho ʻana i nā mea, ke kahe o ke kaʻina hana, a me nā hiʻohiʻona noi o kēlā me kēia kaʻina hana, e hāʻawi ana i kahi kumu kumumanaʻo no ka hoʻolālā a me ke koho ʻana o ke kaula.

1 Kaʻina Hana Hoʻopuka

1.1 Nā ʻōnaehana mea

Hoʻohana nui ke kaʻina hana extrusion i nā mea polymer thermoplastic a thermosetting paha.

① Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, hana maʻalahi, kūpono no nā kaula uila haʻahaʻa maʻamau (e laʻa, nā kaula maʻamau UL 1061), akā me ke kūpaʻa wela haʻahaʻa (mahana hoʻohana lōʻihi ≤70°C).
②ʻO ka Polyethylene i hoʻopili ʻia (XLPE)Ma o ka peroxide a i ʻole ka irradiation cross-linking, piʻi ka helu mahana i 90°C (IEC 60502 standard), i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kaula mana voltage waena a me ke kiʻekiʻe.
③ Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU): Kūlike ke kūpaʻa abrasion me ka ISO 4649 Standard Grade A, i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kaulahao kauō robot.
④ Nā Fluoroplastics (e laʻa, FEP): Ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe (200°C) a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala kemika, e hoʻokō ana i nā koi o ke kaula aerospace MIL-W-22759.

1.2 Nā ʻano hana

Hoʻohana i kahi extruder wili e hoʻokō i ka uhi mau ʻana:

① Mana Mahana: Pono ʻo XLPE i ka mana mahana ʻekolu-paepae (ʻāpana hānai 120°C → ʻāpana hoʻopaʻa 150°C → ʻāpana homogenizing 180°C).
② Mana Mānoanoa: Pono ka ʻokoʻa ma ≤5% (e like me ka mea i kuhikuhi ʻia ma GB/T 2951.11).
③ ʻAno Hoʻomaʻalili: Hoʻomaʻalili gradient i loko o kahi ʻauwaʻa wai e pale aku ai i ka haki ʻana o ke koʻikoʻi crystallization.

1.3 Nā hiʻohiʻona noi

① Hoʻoili Mana: 35 kV a ma lalo iho nā kaula XLPE i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (GB/T 12706).
② Nā Uea Uea Kaʻa: Pale PVC lahilahi (ISO 6722 maʻamau 0.13 mm ka mānoanoa).
③ Nā kaula kūikawā: Nā kaula coaxial i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka PTFE (ASTM D3307).

2 Kaʻina Hana ʻUhi Longitudinal

2.1 Koho Mea Hana

① Nā ʻāpana hao: 0.15 mmlipine kila galvanized(nā koi GB/T 2952), lipine alumini i uhi ʻia me ka palakiko (ʻano Al/PET/Al).
② Nā Mea Pale Wai: Lipine pale wai i uhi ʻia me ka pipili wela-hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (ka nui o ka pehu ʻana ≥500%).
③ Nā Mea Hana Kuʻi: uea kuʻi alumini ER5356 no ka kuʻi ʻana i ke arc argon (maʻamau AWS A5.10).

2.2 Nā ʻenehana koʻikoʻi

ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻopili longitudinal e pili ana i ʻekolu mau ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi:

① Ka Hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻāpana pālahalaha: Ke kulou ʻana i nā ʻāpana pālahalaha i ke ʻano U → ke ʻano O ma o ka ʻōwili ʻana i nā pae he nui.
② Kuʻihao Hoʻomau: Kuʻihao hoʻokomo alapine kiʻekiʻe (alapine 400 kHz, wikiwiki 20 m/min).
③ Nānā Pūnaewele: Mea hoʻāʻo uila (hoʻāʻo uila 9 kV/mm).

2.3 Nā Hoʻohana Maʻamau

① Nā kaula wai moku: ʻUhi lōʻihi kila papa pālua (IEC 60840 ikaika mechanical maʻamau ≥400 N/mm²).
② Nā kaula ʻeli: ʻO ka ʻūpā alumini corrugated (MT 818.14 ikaika compressive ≥20 MPa).
③ Nā kaula kamaʻilio: Pale wili lōʻihi i hana ʻia me ka alumini-plastic (pohō hoʻoili ≤0.1 dB/m @1GHz).

3 Kaʻina Hana ʻUhi Helical

3.1 Nā Hoʻohuihui Mea

① Lipine Mika: ʻO ka nui o Muscovite ≥95% (GB/T 5019.6), ka mahana pale ahi 1000°C/90 min.
② Lipine Semiconductor: ʻO ka nui o ke kalapona ʻeleʻele he 30% ~ 40% (resistivity volume 10² ~ 10³ Ω·cm).
③ Nā Lipine Hui Pū ʻia: ʻIli polyester + lole ulana ʻole (mānoanoa 0.05 mm ±0.005 mm).

3.2 Nā Palena Hana

① Kihi ʻōwili: 25°～55° (ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kū'ē ʻana o ke kihi liʻiliʻi).
② Lākiō Hoʻopili: 50%～70% (pono nā kaula pale ahi e hoʻopili 100%).
③ Mana Hoʻomalu Hoʻoluhi: 0.5～2 N/mm² (mana hoʻomalu loop pani ʻia o ka motika servo).

3.3 Nā Noi Hou

① Nā Uea Mana Nukelea: ʻEkolu papa o ka lipine mika e wahī ana (ua kūpono ka hoʻāʻo IEEE 383 maʻamau LOCA).
② Nā kaula Superconducting: ʻO ka lipine e ālai ana i ka wai semiconducting (ka helu paʻa o ke au koʻikoʻi ≥98%).
③ Nā kaula alapine kiʻekiʻe: ʻUhi ʻili PTFE (dielectric constant 2.1 @1MHz).

Kaʻina Hana Uhi ʻEhā

4.1 Nā ʻōnaehana uhi

① Nā Uhi ʻAsphalt: Penetrate 60～80 (0.1 mm) @25°C (GB/T 4507).
② Polyurethane: ʻŌnaehana ʻelua-ʻāpana (NCO∶OH = 1.1∶1), hoʻopili ≥3B (ASTM D3359).
③ Nā uhi nano: SiO₂ i hoʻololi ʻia ka resin epoxy (hoʻāʻo pīpī paʻakai >1000 h).

4.2 Nā Hoʻomaikaʻi Hana

① Hoʻokomo ʻana i ka Vacuum: Mālama ʻia ke kaomi 0.08 MPa no 30 min (ka nui o ka hoʻopiha ʻana o nā pore >95%).
② Hoʻōla UV: Ka lōʻihi o ka nalu 365 nm, ka ikaika 800 mJ/cm².
③ Ka Hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i ka Gradient: 40°C × 2 h → 80°C × 4 h → 120°C × 1 h.

4.3 Nā Noi Kūikawā

① Nā Alakaʻi Luna: Uhi anti-corrosion i hoʻololi ʻia e Graphene (ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka waiho paʻakai ma 70%).
② Nā kaula moku: Uhi polyurea ho'ōla pono'ī (manawa ho'ōla māwae <24 h).
③ Nā Uea i Kānana ʻia: Uhi semiconducting (kū'ē honua ≤5 Ω·km).

5 Hopena

Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea hou a me nā lako akamai, ke ulu nei nā kaʻina hana uhi i ka compositization a me ka digitalization. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka ʻenehana hui pū ʻana o ka extrusion-longitudinal wrapping e hiki ai ke hana i hoʻohui ʻia o ka ʻekolu-papa co-extrusion + alumini sheath, a me nā kaula kamaʻilio 5G e hoʻohana i ka nano-coating + wrapping composite insulation. Pono ka hana hou o ke kaʻina hana e hiki mai ana e ʻimi i ke kaulike kūpono ma waena o ka kaohi kumukūʻai a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana, e hoʻokele ana i ka hoʻomohala kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana kaula.